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Thymosin Alpha-1

Thymalfasin — Immune Modulating Peptide

Half-life: ~2 hours (SC); immunomodulatory effects persist days

ThymalfasinZadaxinTA-1

Research Profile

Research Depth
92
Potency
60
Half-Life Score
35
Selectivity
55
Stability
70

Relative research assessments — educational reference only.

Target Receptors

TLR-9TLR-2NF-κB pathway

Critical Research Warning

Research chemical — not for human consumption. Immune-modulating agents can alter disease course in autoimmune conditions; use extreme caution in individuals with autoimmune disorders. Not FDA-approved in the United States.

PeptidePlaza Entry #021

"A 28-amino acid thymic peptide that modulates T-cell function and cytokine balance. Studied clinically for chronic hepatitis B, sepsis, and vaccine response augmentation for over 30 years."

Full Description

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) is a naturally occurring 28-amino acid peptide derived from the thymus gland, produced commercially as thymalfasin. It acts as a biological response modifier: it enhances T-cell maturation and function, shifts cytokine profiles toward Th1 immunity, and improves antigen presentation. Clinical trials have evaluated TA-1 for chronic hepatitis B and C, sepsis, cancer immunotherapy adjuncts, and immune restoration in elderly or immunocompromised populations. Its mechanism is indirect — it does not kill pathogens or tumors directly but restores and coordinates host immune responses.

Mechanism of Action

Enhances dendritic cell maturation and antigen presentation; upregulates Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ); activates NF-κB and Toll-like receptor signaling in immune cells; promotes T-cell differentiation and natural killer (NK) cell activity.

Reported Benefits

  • • Enhances T-cell mediated immune responses in clinical studies
  • • Modulates cytokine balance toward Th1 immunity
  • • Studied as adjunct in chronic viral infection protocols
  • • Potential immune restoration in aging and immunosuppression

Potential Side Effects

  • • Injection site reactions (pain, erythema)
  • • Mild transient fever or fatigue
  • • Rare hypersensitivity reactions
  • • Potential autoimmune flare in predisposed individuals

Frequently Asked Questions

How is Thymosin Alpha-1 administered in research?▼
TA-1 is typically given as a subcutaneous injection. Clinical hepatitis protocols used 1.6 mg twice weekly, while immune-support protocols commonly use 1.6 mg once or twice weekly.
What is the evidence base for Thymosin Alpha-1?▼
TA-1 has been studied in dozens of clinical trials, including randomized trials for chronic hepatitis B, as an adjunct in sepsis, and for improving immune responses in older adults. It is approved in over 30 countries (but not by the FDA).
Does Thymosin Alpha-1 require refrigeration?▼
Lyophilized TA-1 should be stored frozen (−20 °C) and protected from light. Reconstituted solutions should be used promptly or refrigerated short-term.

For Research Reference Only

Not medical advice. Peptides may be regulated or restricted in your jurisdiction.

References

  1. 1.Thymosin alpha-1.. PubMed (2001). Ancell CD, et al.. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11381492/ ↑
  2. 2.Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B.. PubMed (2015). Wu X, et al.. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25640173/ ↑
  3. 3.Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications.. PubMed (2023). Wei Y, et al.. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36812669/ ↑
  4. 4.Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1.. PubMed (2025). Simonova MA, et al.. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41373628/ ↑

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